mid test organic chemistry 1

nama :vina karlina nim: rsa1c111010 1.a. explain how the concept of organic compound from petroleum can be used as a fuel for vehicles such as car ,motor bike,including aircaft? b.explain it how the idea of chemical compounds from petroleum can be used to make clothing and plastic and material needs of other human lives? 2.explain why the hydrocarbons that are asymmetrical or chiral have a variety of benefit for huvan being,and describe how does it the chiral centers can be formed? 3.when ethylene gas produced from a ripe fruit can be used to ripe other fruits that are still unripe.how do you idea when the gas is used as fuel gas like methane gas 4.aromatic compounds are marked by ease of adjacent electrons conjugted. please explain why an unsaturated compound which highly conjugated but is not aromatic? answer 1.a.Petroleum is usually located at 3-4 km below sea level. Petroleum is obtained bymaking the well bore. Crude oil gained collected in tankers or flowed through pipes intothe tank station or oil refinery.Crude oil or oil cude commonly known as black viscous liquid and smelled dreadful.Crude oil can not be used as fuel or for other purposes, but must be processed first.Crude oil contains about 500 species of hydrocarbons with the number of atoms C-1through 50. The boiling point of hydrocarbons increases with increasing number of C atoms within the molecule. Therefore, the processing is done through distillation of petroleum-rise, where crude oil is separated into groups (fractions) with a similar boiling point. in general, petroleum processing can be used as fuel for vehicles: a. destilation Distillation is the separation of petroleum fractions based on boiling point differences. At first the crude oil is heated in a pipe flow in the furnace(furnace) until the temperature of ± 370 ° C. Crude oil that has been heated is then entered into the fractionation column in the flash chamber (usuallylocated on the lower third of the fractionation column.) To maintain thetemperature and pressure in the column then assisted heating with steam(steam hot water and high pressure). Kimia: Minyak Bumi Chemistry: Petroleum In general, Petroleum Processing is described as follows a.Distillation Distillation is the separation of petroleum fractions based on boiling point differences. At first the crude oil is heated in a pipe flow in the furnace(furnace) until the temperature of ± 370 ° C. Crude oil that has been heated is then entered into the fractionation column in the flash chamber (usuallylocated on the lower third of the fractionation column.) To maintain thetemperature and pressure in the column then assisted heating with steam(steam hot water and high pressure).Crude oil is vaporized in this distillation process climbed to the top of the column and then condensed at different temperatures. Components of a higher boiling point will remain a liquid and falls to the bottom, while alower boiling point will evaporate and rise to the top through the lid-lid lid called a bubble. More over, the temperature contained in the fractionatingcolumn, the lower, so that each time the component with higher boiling point will be separated, while the components that lower the boiling point risesinto the upper part again. So the next so that the components that reach thetop is a component of the gas at room temperature. Gaseous component iscalled petroleum gas, then thawed and called LPG (Liquified PetroleumGas). Crude oil fraction that is not vaporized into the residue. Oil residuesinclude paraffin, wax, and asphalt. These residues have a carbon chain of more than 20. b.Cracking Cracking is the decomposition of hydrocarbon molecules are largemolecules into smaller hydrocarbon compounds. An example of this crackingis the processing of oil or diesel oil into gasoline. This process is primarilyintended to improve the quality and the acquisition fraction of gasoline(petrol). The quality of gasoline is determined by the nature of the anti-knock (knock), which stated in octane number. Numbers given in isooktan 100octane (2,2,4-trimethyl pentane), which has anti-knocking properties arespecial, and the octane number 0 is given in n-heptane which has anti-knock properties that bad. Gasoline being tested will be compared with the mixtureand n-heptane isooktana. Octane number is influenced by multiple molecular structure of hydrocarbons There are 3 ways in the cracking process, namely: 1.How to heat (thermal cracking), namely with the use of hightemperature and low pressure. 2.Way catalyst (catalytic cracking), namely with the use of catalysts.The catalyst used is usually SiO2 or Al2O3 bauxite. The reaction of cracking catalytic cracking mechanism karbonium ion. At first thecatalyst because it is acidic proton to molecules olevin appends or withdraw the hydride ion from alkanes resulting in the formation of ion karbonium 3.Hydrocracking Hydrocracking is a combination of cracking and hydrogenation to produce a saturated compound. The reaction was carried out at high pressure. Another advantage of this hydrocracking is that thesulfur contained in petroleum is converted into hydrogen sulphidewhich is then separated C.Reforming. Reforming is a change of molecular form of gasoline that is lessgood quality (straight carbon chain) into a better-quality gasoline(branched carbon chain). Both types of gasoline has the samemolecular formula of different forms of structure. Therefore, this process is also called isomerization. Reforming carried out usingcatalysts and heating. D.Alkylation and polymerase Alkylation represents an increase in the number of atoms in a moleculeinto a molecule that is longer and branched. In this process using a strongacid catalyst such as H2SO4, HCl, AlCl3 (a strong Lewis acid). Polymerization is the process of merging small molecules into largemolecules. E.Blending Blending process is the addition of additive materials into petroleum fractions in order to improve the quality of the product. Gasoline whichhas various requirements for quality are examples of petroleum productsthe most widely used in barbagai country with a variety of weather. Tomeet the fuel quality is good, there are about 22 materials which canditambanhkan mixing in the processing process. Among the ingredientsmixing well-known is tetra ethyl lead (TEL). TEL serves to increase theoctane number of gasoline. Similarly, a lubricant, in order to obtaingood quality then the process required the addition of additives. Theaddition of TEL to increase the octane number, but can cause air pollution. 1.b. Oil Earth will be processed in oil refineries and the results are split by the boiling point to produce a wide range of fuels, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and other chemical reagents needed to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. Oil is used to produce a wide variety of goods and material human needs. 2.an enantioselective reaction is one in which one enantiomer is formed in preference to the other, in a reaction that creates an optically active product from an achiral starting material, using either a chiral catalyst, an enzyme or a chiral reagent. The degree of selectivity is measured by the enantiomeric excess. An important variant is kinetic resolution, in which a pre-existing chiral center undergoes reaction with a chiral catalyst, an enzyme or a chiral reagent such that one enantiomer reacts faster than the other and leaves behind the less reactive enantiomer, or in which a pre-existing chiral center influences the reactivity of a reaction center elsewhere in the same molecule. A diastereoselective reaction is one in which one diastereomer is formed in preference to another (or in which a subset of all possible diastereomers dominates the product mixture), establishing a preferred relative stereochemistry. In this case, either two or more chiral centers are formed at once such that one relative stereochemistry is favored,[3] or a pre-existing chiral center (which needs not be optically pure) biases the stereochemical outcome during the creation of another. The degree of relative selectivity is measured by the diastereomeric excess. Stereoconvergence can be considered an opposite of stereoselectivity, when the reaction of two different stereoisomers yield a single product stereoisomer. The quality of stereoselectivity is concerned solely with the products, and their stereochemistry. Of a number of possible stereoisomeric products, the reaction selects one or two to be formed. 3.ethylene gas can be used as fuel when we convert ethylene gas tersebun by biodiesel with the help of methane gas. 4.occurs because the electrons can spin in the form of a circle of atoms, which alternate between single and double covalent bonds. These bonds can be viewed as a bond hybrid (mix) between a single bond and a double bond, all bonds are the same (identical) with the other bond. Models commonly used aromatic ring, a benzene ring (cyclohexatriena) is formed of six-membered carbon ring with alternating, first developed by Kekulé. The model consists of two benzene resonance forms, which describes the single and double bonds covalen an alternate position. Benzene is a more stable molecule than expected regardless of the charge delocalization